CIPAC Meeting 2027
Xi'An, China
CIPAC Meeting 2027

MT 53 - Wettability

 

Content Handbook F

 

Outline of method

53.1 Wetting time of a standard tape

A weighted length of cotton tape is dropped into a tall cylinder containing an aqueous solution of a wetting agent. The time required for the thread connecting the weight and the tape to relax is recorded as the sinking time. Concentrations of wetters requiring a sinking time of 15 sec are compared. The test may be used on formulated pesticides but it does not necessarily apply to cationic wetters.

53.2 Wetting of leaf surfaces

A freshly picked leaf is immersed in a solution of wetting agent under standardized conditions and a visual examination of the area wetted is made. The minimum concentration of wetting agent, which will produce complete wetting of a cabbage leaf, is normally that concentration which will give a sinking time of 15 sec by the tape test (MT 53.1)

53.3 Wetting of wettable powders

A weighed amount of the powder is dropped on water in a beaker from a specified height. The time for complete wetting is determined.

 

Scope

53.3 Wetting of wettable powders

The method describes a procedure for the determination of the time of complete wetting of wettable powders.

 


Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "D:\www\www83\plugins\system\debug\src\Extension\Debug.php" at line 377. (500 Whoops, looks like something went wrong.)

RuntimeException RuntimeException

HTTP 500 Whoops, looks like something went wrong.

Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "D:\www\www83\plugins\system\debug\src\Extension\Debug.php" at line 377.

Exceptions 2

RuntimeException

in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Storage\NativeStorage.php (line 454)
  1. if ($this->isActive()) {
  2. throw new \RuntimeException('Failed to start the session: already started by PHP.');
  3. }
  5. if (ini_get('session.use_cookies') && headers_sent($file, $line)) {
  6. throw new \RuntimeException(
  7. sprintf('Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "%s" at line %d.', $file, $line)
  8. );
  9. }
  11. if (!session_start()) {
NativeStorage->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage.php (line 313)
  1. $this->setId($session_clean);
  2. $cookie->set($session_name, '', ['expires' => time() - 3600 ]);
  3. }
  4. }
  6. parent::start();
  8. // Try loading data from the session
  9. if (!empty($_SESSION['joomla'])) {
  10. $this->data = unserialize(base64_decode($_SESSION['joomla']));
  11. }
JoomlaStorage->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php (line 396)
  1. {
  2. if ($this->isStarted()) {
  3. return;
  4. }
  6. $this->store->start();
  8. $this->setState(SessionState::ACTIVE);
  10. // Initialise the session
  11. $this->setCounter();
Session->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php (line 327)
  1. * @since 1.0
  2. */
  3. public function has($name)
  4. {
  5. if (!$this->isActive()) {
  6. $this->start();
  7. }
  9. return $this->store->has($name);
  10. }
Session->has() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Session.php (line 194)
  2. $name = $args[2] . '.' . $name;
  3. }
  4. }
  6. if (parent::has($name)) {
  7. // Parent is used because of b/c, can be changed in Joomla 6
  8. return parent::get($name, $default);
  9. }
  11. /*
Session->get() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Factory.php (line 372)
  1. __CLASS__
  2. ),
  3. E_USER_DEPRECATED
  4. );
  6. $instance = self::getApplication()->getSession()->get('user');
  8. if (\is_null($id)) {
  9. if (!($instance instanceof User)) {
  10. $instance = User::getInstance();
  11. }
Factory::getUser() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\Renderer\Html\ModulesRenderer.php (line 46)
  1. {
  2. $renderer = $this->_doc->loadRenderer('module');
  3. $buffer = '';
  5. $app = Factory::getApplication();
  6. $user = Factory::getUser();
  7. $frontediting = ($app->isClient('site') && $app->get('frontediting', 1) && !$user->guest);
  8. $menusEditing = ($app->get('frontediting', 1) == 2) && $user->authorise('core.edit', 'com_menus');
  10. foreach (ModuleHelper::getModules($position) as $mod) {
  11. $moduleHtml = $renderer->render($mod, $params, $content);
ModulesRenderer->render() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php (line 578)
  2. $cbuffer[$hash] = $tmpdata;
  4. $cache->store($cbuffer, 'cbuffer_' . $type);
  5. } else {
  6. $this->setBuffer($renderer->render($name, $attribs, null), $type, $name, $title);
  7. }
  9. return parent::$_buffer[$type][$name][$title];
  10. }
HtmlDocument->getBuffer() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php (line 897)
  1. $replace = [];
  2. $with = [];
  4. foreach ($this->_template_tags as $jdoc => $args) {
  5. $replace[] = $jdoc;
  6. $with[] = $this->getBuffer($args['type'], $args['name'], $args['attribs']);
  7. }
  9. return str_replace($replace, $with, $this->_template);
  10. }
  11. }
HtmlDocument->_renderTemplate() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php (line 650)
  2. if (\array_key_exists('csp_nonce', $params) && $params['csp_nonce'] !== null) {
  3. $this->cspNonce = $params['csp_nonce'];
  4. }
  6. $data = $this->_renderTemplate();
  7. parent::render($caching, $params);
  9. return $data;
  10. }
HtmlDocument->render() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\ErrorDocument.php (line 139)
  1. $this->debug = $params['debug'] ?? false;
  2. $this->error = $this->_error;
  4. $params['file'] = 'error.php';
  6. return parent::render($cache, $params);
  7. }
  9. /**
  10. * Render the backtrace
  11. *
ErrorDocument->render() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Error\Renderer\HtmlRenderer.php (line 70)
  1. ob_end_clean();
  2. }
  4. $this->getDocument()->setTitle(Text::_('Error') . ': ' . $error->getCode());
  6. return $this->getDocument()->render(
  7. false,
  8. [
  9. 'template' => $template->template,
  10. 'directory' => JPATH_THEMES,
  11. 'debug' => JDEBUG,
HtmlRenderer->render() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Exception\ExceptionHandler.php (line 142)
  1. 'subject' => $app,
  2. 'document' => $renderer->getDocument(),
  3. ])
  4. );
  6. $data = $renderer->render($error);
  8. // If nothing was rendered, just use the message from the Exception
  9. if (empty($data)) {
  10. $data = $error->getMessage();
  11. }
ExceptionHandler::render() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Exception\ExceptionHandler.php (line 76)
  1. * @since 3.10.0
  2. */
  3. public static function handleException(\Throwable $error)
  4. {
  5. static::logException($error);
  6. static::render($error);
  7. }
  9. /**
  10. * Render the error page based on an exception.
  11. *
ExceptionHandler::handleException() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\CMSApplication.php (line 334)
  1. );
  3. // Trigger the onError event.
  4. $this->dispatchEvent('onError', $event);
  6. ExceptionHandler::handleException($event->getError());
  7. }
  9. // Trigger the onBeforeRespond event.
  10. $this->dispatchEvent(
  11. 'onBeforeRespond',
CMSApplication->execute() in D:\www\www83\index.php (line 35)
  2. // Run the application - All executable code should be triggered through this file
  3. require_once dirname(__FILE__) . '/includes/app.php';
  5. $app = JFactory::getApplication('site');
  6. $app->execute();

RuntimeException

Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "D:\www\www83\plugins\system\debug\src\Extension\Debug.php" at line 377.

in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Storage\NativeStorage.php (line 454)
  1. if ($this->isActive()) {
  2. throw new \RuntimeException('Failed to start the session: already started by PHP.');
  3. }
  5. if (ini_get('session.use_cookies') && headers_sent($file, $line)) {
  6. throw new \RuntimeException(
  7. sprintf('Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "%s" at line %d.', $file, $line)
  8. );
  9. }
  11. if (!session_start()) {
NativeStorage->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage.php (line 313)
  1. $this->setId($session_clean);
  2. $cookie->set($session_name, '', ['expires' => time() - 3600 ]);
  3. }
  4. }
  6. parent::start();
  8. // Try loading data from the session
  9. if (!empty($_SESSION['joomla'])) {
  10. $this->data = unserialize(base64_decode($_SESSION['joomla']));
  11. }
JoomlaStorage->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php (line 396)
  1. {
  2. if ($this->isStarted()) {
  3. return;
  4. }
  6. $this->store->start();
  8. $this->setState(SessionState::ACTIVE);
  10. // Initialise the session
  11. $this->setCounter();
Session->start() in D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php (line 327)
  1. * @since 1.0
  2. */
  3. public function has($name)
  4. {
  5. if (!$this->isActive()) {
  6. $this->start();
  7. }
  9. return $this->store->has($name);
  10. }
Session->has() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Session.php (line 194)
  2. $name = $args[2] . '.' . $name;
  3. }
  4. }
  6. if (parent::has($name)) {
  7. // Parent is used because of b/c, can be changed in Joomla 6
  8. return parent::get($name, $default);
  9. }
  11. /*
Session->get() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Factory.php (line 372)
  1. __CLASS__
  2. ),
  3. E_USER_DEPRECATED
  4. );
  6. $instance = self::getApplication()->getSession()->get('user');
  8. if (\is_null($id)) {
  9. if (!($instance instanceof User)) {
  10. $instance = User::getInstance();
  11. }
Factory::getUser() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\SiteApplication.php (line 565)
  1. *
  2. * @since 3.2
  3. */
  4. protected function initialiseApp($options = [])
  5. {
  6. $user = Factory::getUser();
  8. // If the user is a guest we populate it with the guest user group.
  9. if ($user->guest) {
  10. $guestUsergroup = ComponentHelper::getParams('com_users')->get('guest_usergroup', 1);
  11. $user->groups = [$guestUsergroup];
SiteApplication->initialiseApp() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\SiteApplication.php (line 237)
  1. * @since 3.2
  2. */
  3. protected function doExecute()
  4. {
  5. // Initialise the application
  6. $this->initialiseApp();
  8. // Mark afterInitialise in the profiler.
  9. JDEBUG ? $this->profiler->mark('afterInitialise') : null;
  11. // Route the application
SiteApplication->doExecute() in D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\CMSApplication.php (line 304)
  1. $this->sanityCheckSystemVariables();
  2. $this->setupLogging();
  3. $this->createExtensionNamespaceMap();
  5. // Perform application routines.
  6. $this->doExecute();
  8. // If we have an application document object, render it.
  9. if ($this->document instanceof \Joomla\CMS\Document\Document) {
  10. // Render the application output.
  11. $this->render();
CMSApplication->execute() in D:\www\www83\index.php (line 35)
  2. // Run the application - All executable code should be triggered through this file
  3. require_once dirname(__FILE__) . '/includes/app.php';
  5. $app = JFactory::getApplication('site');
  6. $app->execute();

Stack Traces 2

[2/2] RuntimeException 
RuntimeException:
Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "D:\www\www83\plugins\system\debug\src\Extension\Debug.php" at line 377.

  at D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Storage\NativeStorage.php:454
  at Joomla\Session\Storage\NativeStorage->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage.php:313)
  at Joomla\CMS\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php:396)
  at Joomla\Session\Session->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php:327)
  at Joomla\Session\Session->has()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Session.php:194)
  at Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->get()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Factory.php:372)
  at Joomla\CMS\Factory::getUser()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\Renderer\Html\ModulesRenderer.php:46)
  at Joomla\CMS\Document\Renderer\Html\ModulesRenderer->render()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php:578)
  at Joomla\CMS\Document\HtmlDocument->getBuffer()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php:897)
  at Joomla\CMS\Document\HtmlDocument->_renderTemplate()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\HtmlDocument.php:650)
  at Joomla\CMS\Document\HtmlDocument->render()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Document\ErrorDocument.php:139)
  at Joomla\CMS\Document\ErrorDocument->render()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Error\Renderer\HtmlRenderer.php:70)
  at Joomla\CMS\Error\Renderer\HtmlRenderer->render()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Exception\ExceptionHandler.php:142)
  at Joomla\CMS\Exception\ExceptionHandler::render()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Exception\ExceptionHandler.php:76)
  at Joomla\CMS\Exception\ExceptionHandler::handleException()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\CMSApplication.php:334)
  at Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()
     (D:\www\www83\index.php:35)
[1/2] RuntimeException 
RuntimeException:
Failed to start the session because headers have already been sent by "D:\www\www83\plugins\system\debug\src\Extension\Debug.php" at line 377.

  at D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Storage\NativeStorage.php:454
  at Joomla\Session\Storage\NativeStorage->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage.php:313)
  at Joomla\CMS\Session\Storage\JoomlaStorage->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php:396)
  at Joomla\Session\Session->start()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\vendor\joomla\session\src\Session.php:327)
  at Joomla\Session\Session->has()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Session\Session.php:194)
  at Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->get()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Factory.php:372)
  at Joomla\CMS\Factory::getUser()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\SiteApplication.php:565)
  at Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\SiteApplication.php:237)
  at Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()
     (D:\www\www83\libraries\src\Application\CMSApplication.php:304)
  at Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()
     (D:\www\www83\index.php:35)